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Oracle has grown exponentially through acquisitions and in-house development in the decades following RDBMS' release.
Today they sell other databases, line-of-business applications, analytics middleware software systems, computer systems, and data storage equipment, and language models are actively working as delivery vehicles towards becoming leaders in cloud computing technology. Oracle Database remains one of its signature technologies, serving as the data management platform behind applications, tech team data warehouses, BI systems, and analytics provided to customers by Oracle.
History and Oracle
Larry Ellison, Bob Miner, and Ed Oates co-founded Oracle Corporation with the initial name of Software Development Laboratories.Codd on relational database systems like strong customer demand IBM System R as part of his decision-making process for dashboard developers leadership skills starting up this venture.
In 1979, the first Relational Database Management System (RDMS) was unveiled. Then again, in 1984, a database with read consistency capability was unveiled.
Oracle Corporation began operations with the release of its first client-server data management system in 1986 and, since that time, has introduced numerous applications based on PL/SQL and UNIX technologies, later adopting Oracle Corporation as its official name.
Bob Miner, co-founder at the time, served as senior programmer. Early products were created using the C programming language domain-specific use cases.
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Overview of Container Engine Kubernetes
Oracle Kubernetes engine cloud Infrastructure Container Engine is a managed, highly available service that makes deploying containerized applications into the cloud easy and cost-effective.
When your team needs to build, manage, and deploy cloud native apps reliably, use Container Engine for Kubernetes practices key instead. You can specify whether applications should run on managed or virtual nodes before deploying them into an OCI tenant.
Container Engine for Kubernetes is built around Kubernetes, open-source software for automating deployments, scaling, and managing containerized apps across clusters.
Kubernetes groups application containers into pods for easier oracle enterprise management and discovery.
Container Engine for Kubernetes can be accessed using its Console or REST API to create and define Kubernetes Clusters.
In contrast, its Dashboard and REST API provide access to any clusters you may have created. Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Identity and Access Management have been jointly integrated into the Container Engine for Kubernetes to enable easy authentication using native Oracle Cloud Infrastructure identity features.
Oracle Cloud Infrastructure: Access It In A Variety Of Ways
Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI), a web-based interface, can be accessed using one of three methods: console, RESTful API, and OCI Command Line Interface.
This document includes instructions for accessing each method separately; see Command Line Interface for further details. Access the console using any modern web browser. From the top navigation bar, choose Infrastructure Console to navigate directly to the Consol sign-in page, where you can enter your cloud tenant and password for authentication.
Automating Events
Automate your Oracle Cloud Infrastructure resource based on state changes using event types, actions, and rules.
An overview provides additional details.
Resource Identifiers
Oracle Cloud IDs (OCID) are unique identifiers Oracle provides to many types of Cloud Infrastructure Resources. To learn more about OCID format and identifying resources using Resource Identifiers.
Authentication and Authorization
Oracle Cloud Infrastructure services integrate with IAM for authentication and authorization on all interfaces - Console, SDK, CLI, REST API, etc.
Administrators must create compartments, groups, and policies to control who can access which services, resources, and access types.
Policies can restrict who can create new users, manage cloud networks or launch instances - as well as determine bucket creation/download or other factors.
For more information, see Get Started With Policy or refer to Policy Referencing, which provides further instructions for writing policies for different services. If you are an ordinary user looking to utilize Oracle Cloud Infrastructure but need an administrator, contact your administrator for a user ID to confirm which compartment to use.
Also Read: Oracle Develops Cloud Customization Strategy In Line With Key Trends
Container Registry Overview
Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Registry, or Container Registry, is an Oracle-managed registry that simplifies your development-to-production workflow.
Container Registry provides developers with an easy way to store, manage, and share container images, such as Docker images, for easy development-to-production deployment of applications without worrying about scaling issues or operational concerns.
Container Registry can be used as a private and public Docker registry, enabling images to be pushed and pulled between both.
Docker images can be uploaded/downloaded using API/CLI interaction between Docker images made/drawn from/to Container Registry; any user with internet access and the URL can remove pictures.
Container Registry is an Open Container Initiative-compliant registry. You can use Container Registry to store images of Docker containers that conform to OCI specifications; manifest lists (often known as multi-architecture images) can support multiple platforms (like ARM64); Helm charts can also be stored within this type of registry (for more information, refer to Registries from Helm documentation).
By setting up and using a VCN service gateway, resources (such as workers in clusters managed with Container Engine for Kubernetes ) can access Oracle Cloud Infrastructure services such as Container Registry from within any subnet or private network by only using personal IP addresses.
Overview of Oracle Clusterware and Oracle RAC
Oracle Clusterware is an innovative clusterware management tool that seamlessly integrates across all Oracle Database platforms, offering all the features necessary for effective cluster database administration, including node memberships, group services, and global resource management.
Oracle Clusterware can be installed independently of Oracle RAC and as a prerequisite.Oracle also supports specific third-party products for Clusterware use on particular platforms.
Oracle Clusterware was specifically created to work seamlessly with Oracle RAC, providing high-availability operations within groups.
Oracle Clusterware can also be used as an effective means of managing high availability operations by creating databases through any management tool and administering their use by Oracle Clusterware - working them automatically when launched on nodes and restarted automatically in case of failure - these resources being start automatically each time Oracle Clusterware launches node nodes; its daemons running on each node add further protection.
Oracle Clusterware can manage virtually anything. Cluster Resource System (CRS) resources may include databases or instances, services, listeners, VIP addresses, application processes, or VIPs.
Oracle Cluster Registry stores the configuration information related to CRS resources managed by this Clusterware. At the same time, SRVCTL commands can control Oracle-defined resources. Furthermore, this framework enables you to create CRS Resources to oversee processes running on servers within your Oracle cluster management that do not conform to predefined roles.
Oracle's Current Version
Larry Ellison, then CEO of Oracle Corp., and his colleagues Bob Miner & Ed Oates established what would later become Oracle as Software Development Laboratories in 1977 with just $2,000 as initial capital.
They aimed to prove relational databases - then in prototype form at IBM - could become commercially viable products.
SDL named their RDBMS Oracle (initially without Database) after working on a CIA project with three of its founders.
SDL developed and released Version 1, which was never sold before Version 2 became the first commercially available relational database the following year. At that time, SDL was known as Relational Software Inc; later that year, they changed to Oracle Systems Corp and, eventually, Oracle Corp.
Oracle has released 11 major RDBMS updates since Version 2 was made available, the most significant being Oracle Database 12.
c was first made public and then improved with release 2, arriving, with additional features. Oracle Multitenant technology costs extra but makes upgrades, backups, and administration tasks for pluggable databases much simpler.
Oracle Database 12c introduced Oracle Database In-Memory as an optional in-memory processor. Oracle also promoted 12c as being "designed for the cloud"; Release 2 was initially only made available in the cloud before becoming available for on-premise use.
Oracle 12c release 2 also featured support for partitioning databases into horizontal partitions with their own server and storage resource; performance improvements to Oracle Database In-Memory and expansion of Multi Tenant functionality were also introduced.
Oracle announced that they would transition their database software release schedule from an annual cycle, where the last two digits of each year serve as version numbers, to one with quarterly releases that include software patches and bug fixes based on this new schedule.
Starting, this approach will see Oracle Database 12c move onto Oracle 18 and 19. Oracle does not plan for dot releases under this new release cycle - instead, software patches and bug fixes will be made available through release updates that target known database issues, followed by release update versions that fix any new issues discovered post-release updates.
Oracle Database Earlier Versions
Oracle Version 3 first saw release in 1983 and was written using C, being compatible with many mainframes, minicomputers, and PC systems - expanding its availability beyond Digital Equipment Corp PDP-11 Minicomputers that it supported initially and setting the stage for broader adoption.
Oracle Version 4 was initially introduced in 1984 with read consistency to give users a consistent data view. Within one year, Version 5 added support for client/server computing and querying across distributed databases.
Finally, in 1988 came Version 6, featuring features like row-level locks and hot backups as well as PL/SQL support.
In 1992, Oracle7 was upgraded with stored procedures and other features, such as triggers, declarative referential security, and triggers.
Oracle8i Database was the precursor to Oracle9i regarding internet functionality, providing Java and HTTP support in 1999.
Released two years later, this newer version added support for XML and Oracle Real Application Clusters technology to facilitate distributed database deployment across multiple servers with increased uptime and reliability.
Oracle Database 10g was released with a unique naming scheme that expanded upon the RAC setup by providing foundations for Grid Computing Infrastructure that supported distributed computing across large numbers of commodity computers.
Oracle Database 11g was first released. This release formalized Oracle Grid Infrastructure while adding various management and administrative tools.
When combined with 12c software releases, these can be used to form Oracle Database Cloud Service; it provides two options - standard cloud configuration or dedicated hardware-based configuration - for users.
Oracle Database Editions
Oracle Database comes in four distinct editions, each designed for different levels of functionality and scalability.
Oracle Database Enterprise Edition is designed for large organizations running high-volume transactions, data warehouses, analytics, and internet applications; Standard Edition can be used by departments and workgroups in three versions, the most recent being Standard Edition 2, which debuted with 12c.
Oracle Database Enterprise Edition can be licensed as both a stand-alone license for on-premises deployments as well as an Exadata Database Machine license, part of Oracle's engineered systems product range explicitly designed to run its database software.
Enterprise Edition comes in three variations, each offering distinct features. A fourth configuration supports Exadata cloud hosting; Standard Edition 2 can also be licensed through Oracle Database Cloud Service.
Oracle Database Personal Edition is also available on-premises, providing development and deployment licenses to single users without RAC technology.
In contrast, the Express Edition (XE) is an entry-level free version with limited memory of up to 11 GB; unfortunately, Oracle 12c no longer includes this licensing option. However, an 11g version remains available.
Features And Options Of The Database
Oracle Database offers expansive features and add-ons in various functional areas, spanning high availability, scalability, performance, security, and analytics.
Oracle Multitenant and In-Memory are among the extra-cost features included with Enterprise Edition; other modules for automatic workload management, database administration, performance optimization online analytical processing (OLAP), partitioning compression of data management spatial graph data, etc., are also notable features of this database product.
Oracle Advanced Analytics offers a wide range of analytical processing options, from in-database SQL queries and open source R algorithms to high availability features such as automatic block repair, application continuity, and Data Guard (which creates backup databases for disaster recoverability and prevents data corruption).
Standard and Enterprise Editions both support network encryption, strong authentication, and data encryption, with Enterprise offering many other optional security features such as Oracle Key Vault for centralizing encryption keys for easier decryption or Oracle Advanced Security for transparently encrypting and redacting data so it can be shared more freely without worrying about others seeing sensitive information that they shouldn't see.
Oracle Label Security allows database administrators to limit who can view which data. It enables finely-grained access control by assigning labels for every row of data.
Oracle Database Enterprise Edition includes security features to assist DBAs in controlling who has access to data, such as Oracle Database Vault. This feature helps prevent users from accessing information they aren't authorized to view. It can perform privilege analysis to ensure users only need minimal permissions to complete their tasks.
Likewise, Oracle Audit Vault & containerization in Oracle. Database Firewall provides policy-based auditing to track usage while simultaneously monitoring SQL traffic to block unauthorized access into databases.
Oracle's Other Database Product
Oracle Database is not the only available database technology.
Oracle acquired Sun Microsystems Inc. from Sun, along with the MySQL Database that Sun had purchased. MySQL is an open-source relational database and part of LAMP (Linux Operating System, Apache Web Server, PHP Programming Languages, Perl or Python Programming Language).
Oracle offers both commercial versions as well as free community editions of MySQL.
Oracle also sells TimesTen, a relational in-memory database acquired, and Essbase (a multidimensional database for OLAP acquired when Hyperion Solutions Corp was purchased), developed with their purchase.
Oracle also sells an in-house developed NoSQL Database, first made available for sale. This key-value data store is an alternative relational database solution for processing tasks involving unstructured or semistructured data sources like Big Data applications.
Oracle Core Technologies
Oracle offers a suite of products for business applications software and analytics tools, including Oracle E-Business Suite and other business apps software, the Exadata Appliance, Enterprise Manager Fusion Middleware, and analytics tools like Business Intelligence 12c and Big Data Discovery.
Oracle's acquisition strategy has yielded much more than new databases; for instance, it has significantly broadened its selection of business applications through several acquisitions; these deals helped make Oracle one of the leading vendors in this part of enterprise software.
Oracle released its inaugural application, an internal accounting collection called Oracle Applications, in 1990.
Ten years later, E-Business Suite was introduced, featuring enterprise resource planning (ERP), human resources (HR), supply chain management software, and supply chain planning applications. Oracle acquired PeopleSoft Inc for their ERP, HR, and finance applications and JD Edwards Software they had purchased two years prior.
Also, that year, they acquired Siebel Systems for customer relation management software solutions.
Oracle first unveiled its Fusion Applications Suite, after years of development delays, and continues to develop and sell these product lines, with plans to do so indefinitely.
Furthermore, the company offers enterprise-based cloud business apps; moreover, they recently acquired NetSuite, which provides cloud apps explicitly targeting small to midsize businesses.
Oracle has acquired over 100 companies to expand its technology holdings. Hyperion provides enterprise performance management tools and analytics, with Essbase also being purchased.
Furthermore, BEA Systems provided middleware services and Service-Oriented Architecture tools - two significant acquisitions by Oracle!
Oracle Is Focusing On Hardware
Oracle's acquisition of Sun has taken it straight into hardware after taking several smaller steps beforehand, such as the release of its Exadata System for use with Microsoft SQL Server.
Furthermore, Sun server revenue had rapidly declined before the acquisition.
Oracle, as part of their commitment to continuing Sun's hardware development and expanding their engineered system family that began with Exadata, has also added products such as Oracle SuperCluster and Big Data Appliance to the lineup as well as Exalogic Elastic Cloud, SuperCluster, and In-Memory Machine; each engineered system being specially-built machines designed to run high-performance software applications.
Oracle took over Java development when Sun created it; the transition has sometimes been challenging: the scheduled initial release for Java 8.
Later it was postponed before eventually moving. Plans to remove Java 9 also got delayed from before finally arriving back. Oracle made an ambitious attempt at entering the hardware market before purchasing Sun.
Ellison popularized thin-client network computers (NCs) as more affordable PC alternatives in the mid-1990s; Oracle established a division dedicated to NC development and sales; it even convinced vendors such as IBM and Sun (ironically!) to produce similar devices; unfortunately, though, its NC business failed miserably and was discontinued in 1999 after failing to take off.
Oracle once dismissed cloud computing as an insignificant trend, yet in recent months has made significant investments in it.
They recently released an extensive suite of cloud-based services spanning infrastructure, platform applications, and data that allow customers to move entire data centers onto the Oracle Cloud platform; additionally, Oracle offers their "On-Premise Cloud at Customer," which deploys and operates public cloud technology at customer sites.
Applications and Networking Architecture
Oracle Database allows processing to be divided between the database server program and client programs. This is done to maximize the performance of a computer system or a network.
The RDBMS runs on the computer that handles database server duties. In contrast, the computers that run the applications are responsible for interpreting and displaying data.
Application Architecture
Application Architecture refers to the computing environment where database applications connect with an Oracle database.
Client/Server and Multitier are two popular database architecture options. Client/Server Architecture involves operating the database server from within a client application. Oracle Database server handles functions necessary to provide concurrent and shared access while processing client requests.
The traditional multi tier architecture utilizes one or multiple application servers as critical players in certain operations.
An application server typically handles much of the logic for applications, providing data access and query processing functions directly for clients while offloading this load from databases and increasing overall security.
Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a multitiered architecture in which application functionality is packaged as services and delivered via web services accessed over HTTP; Web services generally conform to XML standards such as Web Services Description Language or SOAP for access.
Networking Architecture
Oracle Net Services acts as the bridge between database and network protocols to enable distributed processing and distributed databases.
Communication protocols define how data flows through networks; Oracle Net Services supports all major protocols like TCP/IP HTTP FTP WebDAV etc.
Oracle Net Services are components that facilitate network connections between client applications and database servers, acting as data couriers between them and Oracle Net after initiating network sessions.
Oracle Net is installed on every computer within its network to fulfill these functions seamlessly.
Oracle Net Listener is an integral component of Net Services. As an independent program running either on the database server itself or anywhere within a network, the listener is responsible for overseeing traffic between client applications and database servers; once connected directly with each other, communication between clients and databases becomes possible instantly.
Also Read: What are Oracle Development Tools?
Oracle Database architecture
Oracle Database, like other RDBMSs, is built upon SQL - a standard programming language utilized by database administrators, data analysts, IT professionals, and others to manage databases and query their contents.
Oracle uses an implementation of SQL called PL/SQL that adds proprietary extensions that distinguish Oracle from competitors; Java programs written using this programming language may be contacted by using PL/SQL as well.
Oracle Database follows the traditional relational model by employing a row-and-column table structure that connects related data elements across tables, so users don't have to store information in several tables to process it.
Furthermore, integrity constraints ensure data accuracy as part of its ACID properties - checks designed to guarantee successful database transactions are processed reliably.
An Oracle database server combines a data storage database with several instances that manage its files, called database instances.
The database storage structure varies between physical and logical; physical storage structures include data files, control logs that store metadata about the database, and online redo files to document any changes. In contrast, logical storage structures include data blocks, the extent to which group adjacent blocks together, segments (which act like sets or extents), tablespaces, etc.
Oracle databases are built upon a cache system called the System Global Area (SGA), which holds shared memory pools.
An instance consists of background processes that monitor database operations and manage I/O functions to optimize performance; client processes run application code on behalf of users connected to a representative; server processes collect interactions between client processes and database; SGA is not shared among all servers processes but instead has its private memory area called program global area.
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Conclusion
Oracle development is one of the significant IT enterprise solutions providers.
Their famed product, the Oracle database, provides grid computing with an efficient means of handling information at cost-effective speeds. Software developed for supporting large databases, business intelligence, and analytics has also expanded into providing data storage tools, data analysis software, and middleware applications.
